622 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
622 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
# mysql
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### Connexion à la base:
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#### Se connecter à MySQL:
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```bash
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$ mysql -u root -p
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Enter password:
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Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
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Your MariaDB connection id is 18
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Server version: 10.3.11-MariaDB Homebrew
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Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
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Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
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MariaDB [(none)]>
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```
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#### Connexion à la base wordpress4 par l’utilisateur root:
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```bash
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$ mysql -u root -D wordpress4 -p
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Enter password:
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Reading table information for completion of table and column names
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You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
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Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
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Your MariaDB connection id is 17
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Server version: 10.3.11-MariaDB Homebrew
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Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
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Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
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MariaDB [wordpress4]>
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```
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#### Quitter MySQL:
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```bash
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MariaDB [wordpress4]> exit
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Bye
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```
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### Types de bases (moteur de stockage):
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[InnoDB](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/innodb-storage-engine.html)
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Conseil: enable innodb_file_per_table = 1 option to put indexes and data for individual tables into distinct files.
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Requête pour trouver les tables InnoDB parmi toutes les bases:
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```mysql
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mysql> SELECT table_schema, table_name FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE engine = 'innodb';
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```
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Constitution de Mysql (par défaut):
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```bash
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bruno@silverbook:/usr/local/var/mysql$
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-rw-r----- 1 bruno admin 15114 28 nov 08:08 ib_buffer_pool
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 50331648 3 déc 10:35 ib_logfile0
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 50331648 24 oct 12:51 ib_logfile1
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 79691776 3 déc 10:35 ibdata1
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 12582912 28 nov 16:53 ibtmp1
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 1272770 3 déc 10:35 silverbook.home.err
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 5 28 nov 16:53 silverbook.home.pid
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```
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- ibdata1: fichier de 10Mo extensible. InnoDB y stocke tout (bases,tables, index...) pour éviter la fragmentation.
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- ib_logfile0, ib_logfile1: 2 fichiers log de 5Mo.
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- ibtmp1
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- ib_buffer_pool:
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- silverbook.home.err: fichier log des erreurs
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http://forum.wgpower.net/technique/innodb-fichier-ibdata1-trop-37009_1.html
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https://vdachev.net/2007/02/22/mysql-reducing-ibdata1/
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3456159/how-to-shrink-purge-ibdata1-file-in-mysql
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[MyISAM](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/myisam-storage-engine.html)
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#### Connaitre le type de bases par défaut:
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<u>mysql> show engine;</u>
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```bash
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MariaDB [(none)]> show engines;
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+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
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| Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints |
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+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
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| MRG_MyISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables | NO | NO | NO |
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| CSV | YES | Stores tables as CSV files | NO | NO | NO |
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| MEMORY | YES | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO |
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| MyISAM | YES | Non-transactional engine with good performance and small data footprint | NO | NO | NO |
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| Aria | YES | Crash-safe tables with MyISAM heritage | NO | NO | NO |
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| InnoDB | DEFAULT | Supports transactions, row-level locking, foreign keys and encryption for tables | YES | YES | YES |
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| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO |
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| SEQUENCE | YES | Generated tables filled with sequential values | YES | NO | YES |
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+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
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8 rows in set (0.007 sec)
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```
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#### ENGINE utilisé pour une table:
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<u>mysql> SELECT TABLE_NAME, ENGINE FROM information_schema.TABLES where TABLE_SCHEMA = 'database';</u>
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```bash
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MariaDB [(none)]> SELECT TABLE_NAME, ENGINE FROM information_schema.TABLES where TABLE_SCHEMA = 'zenphoto';
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+------------------+--------+
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| TABLE_NAME | ENGINE |
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+------------------+--------+
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| _menu | InnoDB |
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| .tags | InnoDB |
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| .plugin_storage | InnoDB |
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| _images | InnoDB |
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| .pages | MyISAM |
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| .menu | InnoDB |
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| _plugin_storage | InnoDB |
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| .admin_to_object | InnoDB |
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| _tags | InnoDB |
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.../...
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| .captcha | InnoDB |
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| .news | InnoDB |
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| .comments | MyISAM |
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| _admin_to_object | InnoDB |
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| _comments | InnoDB |
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| _pages | InnoDB |
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+------------------+--------+
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32 rows in set (0.012 sec)
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```
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### Bases:
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#### Voir toutes les bases:
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<u>mysql> SHOW DATABASES;</u>
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```bash
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MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW DATABASES;
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+--------------------+
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| Database |
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+--------------------+
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| funnymac |
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| ghost_prod |
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| information_schema |
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| mgpt |
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| mysql |
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| performance_schema |
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| phpmyadmin |
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| piwik |
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| python |
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| ssi |
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| wordpress4 |
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| wordpress5 |
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| xhprof |
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| xhprof_gui |
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| yeswiki |
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| zenphoto |
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+--------------------+
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16 rows in set (0.007 sec)
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```
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#### Utiliser une base existante:
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<u>mysql> USE database;</u>
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```bash
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MariaDB [(none)]> USE ssi
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Reading table information for completion of table and column names
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You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
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Database changed
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MariaDB [ssi]>
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```
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#### Supprimer une base:
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<u>mysql> DROP DATABASE database</u>
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```bash
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MariaDB [(none)]> DROP DATABASE zenphoto
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```
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### Tables:
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#### Voir les tables de la base courante:
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<u>mysql [database]> SHOW TABLES;</u>
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```bash
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MariaDB [zenphoto]> SHOW TABLES;
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+--------------------+
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| Tables_in_zenphoto |
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+--------------------+
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| .admin_to_object |
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| .administrators |
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| .albums |
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| .captcha |
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| .comments |
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| .images |
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.../...
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| _news |
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| _news2cat |
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| _news_categories |
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| _obj_to_tag |
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| _options |
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| _pages |
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| _plugin_storage |
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| _search_cache |
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| _tags |
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+--------------------+
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32 rows in set (0.000 sec)
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```
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#### Structure d’une table:
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<u>mysql [database]> DESCRIBE table;</u>
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```bash
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MariaDB [zenphoto]> DESCRIBE _tags;
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+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
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| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
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+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
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| id | int(11) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
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| name | varchar(255) | NO | UNI | NULL | |
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+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
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2 rows in set (0.030 sec)
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```
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#### Renommer une table:
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mysql [database]> ALTER TABLE table AS new_table;
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```bash
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MariaDB [zenphoto]> ALTER TABLE _tags RENAME AS _new-tags;
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```
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#### Vérification des tables :
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<u>2 solutions:</u>
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**1) CHECK TABLE table;**
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```bash
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MariaDB [zenphoto]> CHECK TABLE _tags;
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+----------------+-------+----------+----------+
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| Table | Op | Msg_type | Msg_text |
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+----------------+-------+----------+----------+
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| zenphoto._tags | check | status | OK |
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+----------------+-------+----------+----------+
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1 row in set (0.043 sec)
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```
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**2) [mysqlcheck](https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mysqlcheck/)**
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mysqlcheck verrouille chaque table en lecture seule (la base est alors inaccessible pour les autres processus pendant ce temps) pour vérification ou réparation.
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```bash
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$ mysqlcheck -u root -ppassword zenphoto
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zenphoto..admin_to_object OK
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zenphoto..administrators OK
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zenphoto..albums OK
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zenphoto..captcha OK
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zenphoto..comments OK
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zenphoto..images OK
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zenphoto..menu OK
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.../...
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zenphoto._news2cat OK
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zenphoto._news_categories OK
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zenphoto._obj_to_tag OK
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zenphoto._options OK
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zenphoto._pages OK
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zenphoto._plugin_storage OK
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zenphoto._search_cache OK
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zenphoto._tags OK
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```
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#### Optimiser:
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Les bases InnoDB ne supportent pas l’option OPTIMIZE.
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A la place,MySQL crée une nouvelle table, y copie toutes les lignes, efface l’ancienne table, renomme la nouvelle et lance ANALYSE
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```bash
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mysqlcheck -u root -ppassword -o --all-databases
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funnymac.download OK
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funnymac.downloads OK
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funnymac.eggs OK
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funnymac.ipod OK
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funnymac.ipod_news OK
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funnymac.ipod_vers OK
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funnymac.liens OK
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funnymac.livre OK
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funnymac.note OK
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funnymac.numeric_info Table is already up to date
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funnymac.numeric_log OK
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funnymac.numeric_vers OK
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funnymac.tips OK
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funnymac.truc OK
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funnymac.vote OK
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ghost_prod.accesstokens
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note : Table does not support optimize, doing recreate + analyze instead
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status : OK
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```
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#### Réparer des tables :
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[MySQL Server logs](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-logs.html)
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La 1ere chose à faire en cas de problèmes est de consulter les fichiers logs. Ceux-çi sont généralement avec les tables:
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```bash
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#osx (Homebrew):
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$ cd /usr/local/var/mysql
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total 388560
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drwxr-xr-x 32 bruno admin 1024 28 nov 16:53 .
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drwxrwxr-x 13 bruno admin 416 16 fév 2018 ..
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 16384 28 nov 08:08 aria_log.00000001
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 52 28 nov 08:08 aria_log_control
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drwx------ 48 bruno admin 1536 1 déc 17:05 funnymac
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drwx------ 53 bruno admin 1696 1 déc 17:05 ghost_prod
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-rw-r----- 1 bruno admin 15114 28 nov 08:08 ib_buffer_pool
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 50331648 3 déc 07:19 ib_logfile0
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 50331648 24 oct 12:51 ib_logfile1
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 79691776 3 déc 07:19 ibdata1
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 12582912 28 nov 16:53 ibtmp1
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drwx------ 9 bruno admin 288 1 déc 17:05 mgpt
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 0 24 jul 2017 multi-master.info
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drwx------ 89 bruno admin 2848 1 déc 17:05 mysql
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drwx------ 3 bruno admin 96 24 jul 2017 performance_schema
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drwx------ 41 bruno admin 1312 1 déc 17:05 phpmyadmi
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 1271878 3 déc 07:19 silverbook.home.err
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-rw-rw---- 1 bruno admin 5 28 nov 16:53 silverbook.home.pid
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```
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<u>Pour réparer, 2 solutions:</u>
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**1) REPAIR TABLE:**
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- ne nécessite pas l’arrêt de MySQL
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- uniquement base MyISAM
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```bash
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MariaDB [zenphoto]> REPAIR TABLE _tags;
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+----------------+--------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------+
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| Table | Op | Msg_type | Msg_text |
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+----------------+--------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------+
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| zenphoto._tags | repair | note | The storage engine for the table doesn't support repair |
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+----------------+--------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------+
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1 row in set (0.006 sec)
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```
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Si l’erreur persiste, **vider le cache** (Flush all cache)
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**2) mysqlcheck -r:**
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- nécessite un arrêt du service MySQL
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- uniquement base MyISAM
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[MyISAM](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/myisam-storage-engine.html):
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```bash
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$ mysqlcheck -u root -ppassword -r zenphoto .comments
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zenphoto..comments OK
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```
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[InnoDB](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/innodb-storage-engine.html):
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```bash
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$ mysqlcheck -u root -ppassword -r zenphoto _tags
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zenphoto._tags
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note : The storage engine for the table doesn't support repair
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```
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Pour les tables InnoDB, il faut [forcer la récupération](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/forcing-innodb-recovery.html):
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1) Arrêter **mysqld**:
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2) Sauvegarder **mysql**:
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```bash
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#Linux
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/var/lib/mysql/
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#osx (Homebrew)
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/usr/local/var/mysql/
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```
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3) Ajouter au fichier de configuration MySQL my.cnf:
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```
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#osx (Homebrew): /usr/local/etc/my.cnf
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[mysqld]
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innodb_force_recovery = 4
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```
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4) Redémarrer **mysqld**:
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5a) Faire un dump des tables de la base avec **SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE**:
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```mysql
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MariaDB [zenphoto]> SELECT * FROM _tags INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/corrupted.txt';
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Query OK, 170 rows affected (0.011 sec)
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# Pour exporter au format csv:
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MariaDB [zenphoto]> SELECT * FROM _tags INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/corrupted.csv' FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"' LINES TERMINATED BY '\r\n';
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Query OK, 170 rows affected (0.006 sec)
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```
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5b) Faire. un dump de toutes les tables:
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```bash
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$ mysqldump -A -u root -ppassword > '/tmp/dump.sql';
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```
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6) Parfois cela peut suffire. Sinon,
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7) Supprimer les tables / bases corrompues (DROP ...)
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8) Arrêter **mysqld**:
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9) Supprimer les ib*:
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```bash
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#Linux
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/var/lib/mysql/ib*
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#osx (Homebrew)
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/usr/local/var/mysql/ib*
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```
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10) Quitter le mode force recovery:
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```
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[mysqld]
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#innodb_force_recovery = 0
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```
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11) Redémarrer **mysqld**:
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12) Restaurer les bases:
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```bash
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$ mysql -u root -ppassword < dump.sql
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```
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https://www.nixpal.com/mysql-innodb-corruption-repair-guide/
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#### Vérifier et réparer:
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Vérifier toutes les bases et réparer les tables corrompues:
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```bash
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$ mysqlcheck -u root -p -A --auto-repair
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Enter password:
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funnymac.download OK
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funnymac.downloads OK
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…/…
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```
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#### Erreur de syntaxe:
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Les commandes doivent se terminer par un **;**
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```bash
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MariaDB [(none)]> mysqlcheck zenphoto
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->
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-> \c
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MariaDB [(none)]>
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```
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Sinon taper **\c** pour revenir.
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#### Tache CRON pour maintenance MySQL
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```bash
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echo "0 4 * * Sun root mysqlcheck -u maintenance --optimize --all-databases" > /etc/cron.d/mysqlcheck
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```
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```bash
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$ mysql_upgrade -u root -ppassword
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Phase 1/7: Checking and upgrading mysql database
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Processing databases
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mysql
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mysql.column_stats OK
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mysql.columns_priv OK
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mysql.db OK
|
||
mysql.event OK
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
#### BASH : exécuter une requête MySql et exploiter le résultat
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ echo "SHOW DATABASES;" | mysql -h localhost -u root -ppassword
|
||
Database
|
||
information_schema
|
||
mysql
|
||
performance_schema
|
||
wordpress
|
||
zenphoto
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
[exécuter une requête MySql et exploiter le résultat](https://www.quennec.fr/trucs-astuces/systèmes/gnulinux/utilisation/bash-exécuter-une-requête-mysql-et-exploiter-le-résultat)
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
#### Créer un utilisateur avec les permissions lecture seule pour le backup des bases.
|
||
|
||
```mysql
|
||
GRANT SELECT, LOCK TABLES ON *.* TO 'MYBACKUPUSER'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'MYPASSWORD';
|
||
``` |